Ice and Mental Health-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Define the ICE use and mental health. 2.Discuss about the Significance of ICE on Mental Health. 3.Discuss about the Contemporary Care of the Customer. Answers: 1.Definition of ICE use and mental health ICE is also known as crystal methamphetamine and belongs to the amphetamine family of drugs. It can take many forms such as a colourless rock or white to brown colourless powder and could be smoked, injected, swallowed or snorted. It produced an intense effect that makes the users feel confident and more energetic (Chalmers, Lancaster, Hughes, 2016). It works as stimulant which speeds up the process of messages going to and from the brain. However, long term use of crystal methamphetamine has been associated with a number of complications such as anxiety, depression and violent behaviour (Usher, Clough, Woods Robertson, 2015). The study conducted over here investigates the impact of the drug upon the mental health and emotional health of people. 2.Significance of ICE on mental health There has been rampant use of ICE within the population of Australia. In the year 2016, National drug strategy household survey reported that almost 1.3 million users over the age of 14 have been using methamphetamine. Out of which, 1.4% reported use of the same within the past 12 months, where as much as 57% reported using crystal methamphetamine (Netfront., 2018). As per the Australian statistics, 10.6% Australian people would use ICE once every month. The ICE dependence has triggered incidents of psychosis. ICE dramatically increases the level of hormone dopamine by almost 1000 times (Netfront., 2018). When the ICE is directly snorted it results in an immediate high in the consumers, where one starts feeling euphoric. The effect of the drug may last between 4 and 12 hours, whereas the drug could be detected in the blood and urine for almost 72 hours (Chalmers, Lancaster Hughes, 2016). The more number of times the drug is used, the more the addiction grows. In many cases, abstinen ce from the drug has been reported with agitated behaviour, mental hallucinations, restlessness etc. 3.Contemporary care of the customer Many people have reported to feeling euphoric after use of ICE and based upon which they have continued to use so. However, long term use of the drug followed by withdrawal can have serious consequences such as tampering with the secretion of the chemicals which normally keeps one in a good mood. A number of contemporary care objectives could be designed for the patients such as improved therapeutic interventions, effective medication management, psychotherapies etc. In this respect, therapies such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) have been used which are similar to magnetic resonance imaging where magnetic pulses and are used to stimulate specific areas of the brain, which are found to be underactive in patients affected with depression (Champion et al., 2018). As mentioned by Cleary et al. (2017), cognitive behavioural therapies have been found to be effective in people with triggered psychosis upon withdrawal of ICE. These behaviours have been aimed at reducing the effect of stress upon individuals by providing them with alternatives in coping up with the psychosocial pressure. Reports and evidences have traced the contemporary issues to addiction back to the embryonic stage (Usher, Clough, Woods Robertson, 2015). As mentioned by Champion et al (2018), prenatal exposure to ICE can lead to babies exhibiting neonatal abstinence syndrome. There seems to exist large scale debate related to treatment of addiction. The forms of treatment vary from religious and spiritual approaches to medical interventions. There exists debate regarding the brief versus long term treatments, inpatient versus outpatient program delivery. Research has stressed upon the use of interdisciplinary and multimodal treatment when addiction is co-morbid with mental heal th issues. In order to guarantee faster and better recovery rates it is imperative that the treatment is started at a much earlier stage. However, there are a number of challenges which lies in the way of delivery of optimum care to the consumers lack of an unified definition of therapeutic programs, inadequate skills possessed by clinicians to work with addicts (Usher, Clough, Woods Robertson, 2015). TMs therapies along with psychological support have been effective in reducing the perils of ICE dependence upon the addicts References Chalmers, J., Lancaster, K., Hughes, C. (2016). The stigmatisation of iceand under-reporting of meth/amphetamine use in general population surveys: a case study from Australia.International Journal of Drug Policy,36, 15-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.06.001 Champion, K. E., Chapman, C., Newton, N. C., Brierley, M. E., Stapinski, L., Kay-Lambkin, F., ... Teesson, M. (2018). A Web-Based Toolkit to Provide Evidence-Based Resources About Crystal Methamphetamine for the Australian Community: Collaborative Development of Cracks in the Ice.JMIR mental health,5(1), e21. doi:10.2196/mental.8891 Cleary, M., Jackson, D., Woods, C., Kornhaber, R., Sayers, J., Usher, K. (2017). Experiences of health professionals caring for people presenting to the emergency department after taking crystal methamphetamine (ICE).Issues in mental health nursing,38(1), 33-41. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2016.1251516 Netfront., W. (2018). Statistics about ice use in Australia. Cracks in the Ice. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from https://cracksintheice.org.au/how-many-people-use-ice Usher, K., Clough, A., Woods, C., Robertson, J. (2015). Is there an ice epidemic in Australia?.International journal of mental health nursing,24(4), 283-285. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12155

Marketing Strategy of Dove in India free essay sample

Dove did what it does best all over the world not use supermodels to endorse the brand. Rather it got real women who used the product to give testimonials of their experience with the brand. In India, Doves brand team in the 1990s, led by Harish Manwani, now Unilevers president , Asia, Africa, Central Eastern Europe, decided to adopt the same line of thought for the Indian market too. In some ways the brand was the opposite of Lux, the beauty bar of film stars. Dove showed beauty in ordinary people, says cinematographer and film director, Rajiv Menon, who was involved in making the earliest ads for Dove. Studies showed that 57% of Doves Target audience was averse to regular advertising. Hence testimonials became even more critical for the success of the brand, say HUL executives. The team identified close to 50 women from uppermiddle class Indian households and handed them trial packs of Dove soap. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Dove in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After trying out the brand, their reactions were recorded and the most spontaneous responses (8 of them) were chosen to be the face of the brand. Remember the Is it love? No its Dove ads? In the 1990s, when everything had to be low priced, consumer goods major Hindustan Unilever launched a brand of soap that was considered expensive, frightfully expensive , for the times we lived in. For about Rs 30 for a bar, it was nearly twice as expensive as any toilet soap brand that was then sold in India. This was a time when hanging out for coffee was at the neighbourhood Udupi restaurant that charged Rs 6 for a serving and not the Barista where a mug of coffee cost Rs 50. To get consumers living with that mindset to graduate to a brand like Dove was a big leap.

What is an Industrial Masters Program Essay Sample?

What is an Industrial Masters Program Essay Sample?One of the first things to look for when looking for an essay sample is to find a course with an industrial masters program. This is a good idea because this program will help you understand the concepts of writing a great essay and will help you learn how to structure your essay to be more interesting and important.If you are going to be taking the essay exam at the end of the semester, you will want to make sure that your essay is a strong and good essay. One of the best ways to make sure your essay is strong is to read through all of the essay samples you can find and make sure yours is top notch.When looking for an essay sample for an industrial master's program, you want to be sure that the sample is from a program that is accredited. One way to do this is to see if the program is listed on the national accreditation board for the program.One of the things you want to make sure your essay is doing is putting together a structure . There are four main components to your essay and you want to make sure your essay is following the structure of each one.The first is the first paragraph, which should contain a couple sentences summarizing the purpose of the essay and your intent for writing it. The first paragraph should also contain information that gives readers an overview of the main points of the essay. Your focus should be on the essay itself and not on the student who will be reading it.The second paragraph is where you will begin to put together the thesis statement of your essay. This is where you will present the main points of your essay. It should answer questions and give insight into the essay.The third paragraph will be all about answering questions that the readers have. It is here where you will answer the question of what is going to happen in the essay and how it is relevant to the subject.The final paragraph is where you finish up your essay. It is here where you will answer any other questio ns that readers might have and finish off your essay with a conclusion.

Simile vs Metaphor The 1 Big Difference

Simile vs Metaphor The 1 Big Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Ever wonder what makes creative writing, well, creative? A big part of creative writing is coming up with a compelling way to express something.And similes and metaphors can be especially helpful when trying to do this. But what exactly are similes and metaphors? More importantly, what is the main difference between a simile and metaphor? This comprehensive simile vs metaphor guide answers both these questions and gives you several examples so you can learn how to differentiate between these two key literary devices.This article also includes key tips for using similes and metaphors in your own writing. Simile vs Metaphor:How Do They Differ? Both similes and metaphors are literary devices used by writers to compare two unalike things, ideas, actions, etc. in a non-literal manner. The two things being compared typically have one thing in common but are completely different in all other respects. Peopleuse similes and metaphors to make their writing more descriptive, more persuasive, more poetic, and more emphatic.Similes and metaphors areoften used in fiction/prose, poetry, and song lyrics. So what is the main difference between a simile and metaphor? Although the two devices are very similar- both serve the exact same purpose of comparing two different things in a figurative (non-literal) way- metaphors and similes are not identical. A simile is a type of metaphor that specifically uses the words "as" or "like" to make a comparison between two things. This usually takes the form of "A is like B" or "A is as(insert adjective)as B." By contrast, metaphors do not use the words "as" or "like." For example, you could write, "A is B" to make your comparison, even though A is not literally the same thing as B. The main takeaway here is that all similes are metaphors but not all metaphors are similes. 6 Real Simile and Metaphor Examples To help you understand the difference between a simile and metaphor, we'll look at six examples of the two. Examples of Metaphors Belowarethree examples of famous metaphors. As a reminder, metaphors compare two things without using the words "like" or "as." Metaphor Example 1 Eyes are the windows to the soul. Many famous sayings andidiomatic phrases take the form of metaphors in which the meaning is not literal but implied through a comparison. You clearly cannot literally see a person’s soul through his or her eyes; the implication here, then, is that one’s eyes and expression can reveal that person’s true feelings or character. In this sense, eyes are similar to windows because they can reveal information to the observer. Metaphor Example 2 "But thy eternal summer shall not fade"- William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18 This line of poetry comes from one of William Shakespeare’s most beloved sonnets, often called "Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?" In this poem, Shakespeare is comparinga young man's beauty to that of a warm summer day. In this particular line,the speaker assertsthat the man's "eternal summer" will never end, meaning that the speaker believes the essence of the man will live onthrough these very words. Shakespeare was a fan of metaphors- and earrings, apparently. Metaphor Example 3 "'Cause, baby, you're a firework / Come on, let your colors burst"- Katy Perry, "Firework" In her mega-hit song "Firework," Katy Perry uses a metaphor to compare "you" (the listener) to a firework. Fireworks are bright, captivating, and attention-grabbing, and so the implication here is that "you," too, are important and need to be confident in the value you bring. Examples of Similes Next up, here are some examples of famous similes. Remember that althoughsimiles perform the same function as metaphors in that theymake a comparison between two different things, similes always use the words "as" or"like" to make the comparison,whereas metaphors do not. Simile Example 1 My dad always wears glasses. Without them, he's as blind as a bat. The above simile "[as] blind as a bat" is a particularly well-knownsaying that compares a person's inability to see to the (alleged) blindness of bats, which hunt for prey primarily using echolocation instead of sight. Basically, this simile means that someone’s ability to see is quite poor. (Note that this saying isn't normally used to describe someone who is actually blind- it’s purposefully hyperbolic!) In this example, although the dad is evidently not blind- he just wears glasses to see- this simile implies that his ability to see things clearly without glasses is shockingly (and even laughably) low, comparable to a bat's inability to see clearly. Simile Example 2 "I wandered lonely as a Cloud / That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills"- William Wordsworth, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" You’ve possibly already read this famous poem in English class. These two lines, the first of which contains the simile "lonely as a Cloud," come from William Wordsworth’s renowned 1807 poem, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." The simile here draws a unique and compelling comparison between the loneliness of the speaker, who wanders around without accompaniment, and the "loneliness" of a cloud that floats around in the sky all by itself. Note: This simile uses another literary device called personification, whereinan inanimate object is given human-like qualities. In this case, the cloud "wanders" just as a human does. Simile Example 3 "My momma always said life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get."- Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump Even if you’re not a die-hard Tom Hanks fan, you’ve probably heard this memorableline from the 1994 classic Forrest Gump. The phrase "life was like a box of chocolates" is a clear simile in that "life" is being compared to "a box of chocolates" using the word "like" (which once again shows us that this is a simile and not a metaphor). The meaning of this simile is clearly explained in the sentence that follows: "You never know what you’re gonna get." In other words, life is random and mysterious in the same exact way a box of chocolates is. You can't predict what kind of chocolate you'll get,just asyou can’tpredict what will happen in your life. As long as it's not that weird, mushy, cherry-filled chocolate, I'm good. Simile vs Metaphor Quiz Here’s a short simile vs metaphor quiz to see whether you truly know the difference betweenthe two literary devices. Mark an X under "Metaphor" or "Simile" for each phrase depending on whether you think it has a metaphor or simile. Be aware that a phrase might contain both a metaphor and simile, or neither! Phrase Metaphor Simile 1. "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? / It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun." - WilliamShakespeare, Romeo and Juliet 2. Poor thing, your hands are as cold as ice! 3. "Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa."- Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita 4. "Dying is a wild Night and a new Road."- Emily Dickinson 5. The song was an array of bright colors swirling around in the air. Like medicine, it made the boy perk up almost instantly. 6. "Fire away, fire away / You shoot me down but I won't fall / I am titanium"- David Guetta ft. Sia, "Titanium" 7. That girl over there looks a lot like my sister. 8. "Just like a moth drawn to a flame / Oh, you lured me in, I couldn't sense the pain"- Shawn Mendes, "Stitches" Answers Metaphor Simile Simile Metaphor Both Metaphor Neither Simile Answer Explanations 1. "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? / It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun."- William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet In this classic line from Shakespeare'sRomeo and Juliet, Romeo spots a light coming from Juliet’s bedroom, causing him to compare Juliet to a sunrise- an image that evokes a sense of wonder, hope, and happiness. Because Romeo doesn’t use the words "like" or "as,"this line is a metaphor. 2. Poor thing, your hands are as cold as ice! Here, the speaker is comparing the low temperature of the listener's hands to the (literal) coldness of ice with the phrase "as cold as ice." This saying is commonly used to indicate that a person or an object is extremely cold to the touch (even thoughthe thing being described is likely not literally the same exact temperature of ice). The word "as" is used to make the comparison, so this example is a simile. This bubble is literallyas cold as ice. 3. "Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa."- Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita This beautifully descriptive sentence from Vladimir Nabokov’s controversial 1955 novel Lolita compares the image of hunched elderly women to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, a historical Italian building most famous for its noticeable tilt. Because Nabokov uses the word "like" to make the comparison between the women and "towers of Pisa," this sentence is a simile. 4. "Dying is a wild Night and a new Road."- Emily Dickinson Renowned American poet Emily Dickinson wrote this grave, albeit poignant, sentence in a letter penned in 1869. Dickinson compares the act of dying to "a wild Night and a new Road," implying that death is a natural course of action in life. Because the comparisondoes not use the words"like" or "as," it is a metaphor. 5. The song was an array of bright colors swirling around in the air. Like medicine, it made the boy perk up almost instantly. This example uses both a metaphor and a simile to express the overall positive feelings a boy has when listening to a particular song. The first sentence is a metaphor: the song he is listening to is described as "an array of bright colors," even though music isn’t actually visible to the human eye. Since this comparison doesn’t use the words"like" or "as," it is a plain metaphor. The second sentence, however, makes another comparison, this time using the word "like." The song is described as being"like medicine" because it makes the boy feel better- the same effect medicines are supposed to have on people when they feel sick. Because the word "like" is used, this second sentence is a simile. 6. "Fire away, fire away / You shoot me down but I won't fall / I am titanium"- David Guetta ft. Sia, "Titanium" This line, taken from the chorus of the 2011 hit song "Titanium" by David Guetta, describes the speaker asthesuper-strong metal titanium. This image, then, tells us that the speaker is really similar to titanium in that he or she is both strong and resilient. Because neither"like" nor "as" ispresent here,this lyric is an example of a metaphor. 7. That girl over there looks a lot like my sister. In this sample sentence, the physical appearance of "that girl" is being compared to that of the speaker’s sister. Although you might be tempted to say this is a simile because it uses the word "like," you’d be wrong! There is no metaphor or simile at play here.The "like" we see here is still being used to make a comparison, but it is a comparison between two similarthings (the two girls). Recall that the basis for any metaphor or simile is that you must be comparing two unalike things. Comparing a duck to another duckwon't give you a metaphor but WILL give you a ton of quacking. 8. "Just like a moth drawn to a flame / Oh, you lured me in, I couldn't sense the pain"- Shawn Mendes, "Stitches" This line comes from the 2015 pop hit "Stitches" recorded by Shawn Mendes. The speaker here is describing howmesmerized he is by his lover by comparing his situation to that of "a moth drawn to a flame." Because he uses the word "like" in this particular line, this lyric is an example of a simile. How to Use Similes and Metaphors in Writing: 4 Tips Now that we’ve gone over the major difference between a simile and metaphor, let’s take a look at four tips to keep in mind when you want to use one of these literary tools in your own writing. #1: Avoid Clichà ©s One big tip you’ll want to remember when writing anything- whether it’s a poem or a story- is to avoid clichà ©d metaphors and similes as much as possible. Using clichà ©d metaphors in your writing generally indicates to readers that you don’t find it necessary to take time to come up with original comparisons; it’s also often interpreted to mean that you lack creativity and are a lazy writer. Clichà ©s include any overused sayings or idiomatic expressions, such as the following: Strong as an ox Sick as a dog Time flies Hot as hell White as snow Scared to death Fish out of water Two peas in a pod Check out this website for a longer list of clichà ©s to avoid. Though you should generally avoid using these types of sayings, if you’re writing dialogue for a story, colloquial expressions such as these would beperfectly fine to use, especially if you’re trying to capture a more realistic conversation between people. That being said, definitely try toavoidusing clichà ©s in descriptions and expository passages. Coming up with your ownsimiles and metaphors will ultimately make your writing more creative, more authentic, and more compelling. #2: Don’t Overuse Similes and Metaphors Be careful of overusing similes and metaphors in any type of writing you do. Obviously, the definition of what counts as overusing figurative language will vary depending on the person. Indeed,whereas somerenowned writers adore metaphors andhave a penchant for flowery passages, others opt to avoid them as much as possible la Ernest Hemingway. No matter your preferred writing style, you don’t want your text to be ambiguous, confusing, or completely devoid of concrete substance. A passage that is 90% metaphorical is a lot more likely to exhaust and confuse readers than it is to impress or inspire them. Moreover, toomuch figurative language will weakentheimpact of each metaphor,and you want theseto be particularly powerful. So tread lightly and always err on the side of less is more! #3: Be Sure the Comparison Makes Sense Although the two things being compared in a metaphor or simile should be pretty different from each other, you need to make sure that there's still something similar between them so that the comparison makes sense to the reader and can be readily understood and interpreted. For example, if you’re trying to describe the delicious, tantalizing smell of freshly baked chocolate chip cookies, it wouldn’treally make sense to compare it to the smell of a dumpster or something else notoriously gross and stinky. Similarly, the connection between the two things must be immediately clear to the reader. If you were to write, "He looked as comfortable as a penguin," readerswould very likely have no idea how this feeling of being comfortable relates to penguins specifically. Instead, you could write, "He looked as comfortable as a penguin on ice," since penguins are mostat ease incold, icy settings. Alternatively, you could use asimile or metaphor to make an ironic or sarcastic statement. In the example given above, say you want to point out how uncomfortable the man is. This means you could write something like, "He looked as comfortable as a penguin in a Miami zoo." Because penguins' natural habitat is in the (much colder) Antarctic, the irony here is that the man is clearly not comfortablein the same way penguins must feel in a hot, caged environment. If you’re not sure whether a metaphor or simile you’ve written makes sense, ask a family member or friend to read it (ideally in context) and see whether they can grasp the meaning you’re trying to make with it. Be as comfortable (and as adorably fluffy) as these baby penguins. #4: Avoid Sticking With the First Metaphor You Think Of This final tip is for serious writers and one I got from my own creative writing professor in college. The basic point here is that you should never feel compelled to go with the first metaphor or simile you come up with. When people write stories, they can be tempted to stick with the very first "clever" metaphor or simile they think of- but oftentimes these phrases can be drastically improved upon and made clearer and more relevant. But is it really bad to stick with the first metaphor you think of? Of course not! Sometimes people do come up with amazing metaphors right away and end up keeping them as is, even in the final version of the text. But this certainly isn’t the case for most people.In reality,the best writers will be the ones who take time to reread, tweak, and improve sentences and passages- including metaphors and similes- they’ve written. Doing all this will not only give you practice with metaphors and similes, but will also help you get used to the long-winded, albeit worthwhile, process that is creative writing! What’s Next? Got questions about other common literary devices? Then check out our in-depth guide to the 31 most important literary devices you should know. Working on a story or prepping for the AP Literature test?Learn all about the most important literary elements that make up a story. Thinking about amajor in creative writing? Then you'll definitely want to take a look at the top creative writing programs in the country!

A Review Of Successful JIT Implementations Information Technology Essay

A Review Of Successful JIT Implementations Information Technology Essay Globalization has led to an enormous increase in competition in all segments. Manufacturing, Service, Banking etc. nobody is protected by it. So to gain an edge over your competitors companies are highly focused on improving their processes and systems to reduce the throughput time which subsequently leads to cost-savings. As Just-In-Time is a lean management principle, it definitely results in overall cost reduction. But even after the underlying benefits of implementing a methodology like JIT, there is still a certain amount of reluctance to adopt this philosophy due to various reasons like lack of understanding of the process, benefits associated with implementation, apprehensions to change from traditional methods of production to modern methods, adopting new technologies, capital expenditure and numerous other factors. Such events hamper the growth of the industries and the growth of the nation as well. What the firms fail to understand is that this is an adopted practice and m ay not produce the exact expected results. Moreover, it takes time to implement JIT because it demands an entire process reform. Even Toyota (inventor of JIT), took more than 20 years to get to the lean system, which the looks upto. With not quickly getting the results and incurring of some initial costs, firms often refrain from getting into the trial phase. The study highlights the major issues Supply Chain faces in India which makes the lean practices difficult and desired output are not obtained. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The study highlights a certain unfairness of the much idealized JIT philosophy if adopted blindly. Every concept behaves in a certain pattern in different scenarios. The main significance of the study is to find out the methods of the Risk Management in Supply Chain for smooth adoption and working of Lean management thus taking a leap ahead towards the successful implementation of JIT. The recommendations mentioned in the end are in context to the stories of Indian Firms but can be applied globally as India has made a mark on the International Globe. The study also highlights methods to overcome these failures related to implementation of JIT in India. REVIEW OF LITERATURE JUST IN TIME It is a manufacturing system with a goal to optimize processes and procedures by continuously pursuing waste reduction. The entire process was developed by Taiichi Ohno after the Second World War in competition to the American Automobile Industry. But the demand being less, the Japanese could not afford to order by EOQ & stock an inventory. So to keep the waste and operational cost to a minimum, Taiichi came up with the concept of Just-In-Time (JIT) where any item moves the production system on need. Systems were non-automated, there was no over-production and the time spent in waiting for parts and processing of order was now minimized. The inventories levels were reduced and so were the waste. When a car was selling at a particular selling price such that PRO FIT = (SELLING PRICE – COST) then cost leveling was the only option to raise profit levels. Also JIT got with itself cellular manufacturing when machines were clustered so that items move smoothly in the process. The workers were now trained to be multi-skilled to be able to work on more than one machine.

The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing Literature review

The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing - Literature review Example At the same time, the risk factor offers price to investors for investing their money in risky securities. The sum total of both these factors gives a clear view regarding the expected rate of return on a particular asset. It is generally calculated by using a risk measure called beta. The arbitrage pricing theory is a well known alternative to capital asset pricing model that is beneficial for the investors to determine whether an asset is correctly priced or not. This paper tends to evaluate various aspects of the arbitrage theory of capital pricing. Structure of Arbitrage Pricing Theory Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is an alternative to capital asset pricing theory and it is formulated by the economist Stephen Ross in 1976. In order to clearly evaluate the potentiality of arbitrage pricing theory, it is necessary to understand the range and terms of capital asset pricing model (CAPM). As discussed above, CAPM calculates rate of return of an asset by adding the value of risk taken with duration of investment. It is relevant to understand the working method of CAPM also. Assume that risk-free rate is 5%, the beta measure of the stock is 3 and the expected rate of market return for this period is 12%; then the expected rate of stock becomes: 5%+3(12% - 5%) = 26% In the opinion of Roll and Ross (1980), this theory had considerable significance in empirical work during the periods of 1960’s and 1970’s. However further researches on this concept have questioned its reliability and authenticity of the computation of empirical constellation of asset returns; and, many related theories have detected ranges of disenchantment with the CAPM (ibid). Authors say that this situation led to the demand for a more potential theory and it caused the formulation of APT. Although, APT was developed recently, CAPM is considered as the basis of modern portfolio theory. Huberman and Wang (2005) claim that both the CAPM and APT show relation between expected returns o f assets and their co-variance with other random variables; and an investor cannot avoid some types of risks by diversification and the concept of covariance is interpreted as a measure of such risks. While comparing with CAPM, the APT contains fewer assumptions; and at the same time, this theory is very difficult to use. Roll and Ross (1980) clearly tells that the basic idea behind arbitrage pricing theory is that the price of a security is varied by mainly two groups of factors such as macro factors and company specific factors. Since no ‘arbitrage assumptions’ are employed, this theory is popularly known in this name. The group categorization and thereby macro as well as company specific factors are very crucial to form the following formula: r = rf + ?1f1 + ?2f2 + ?3f3 + †¦ where r represents the expected rate on the security and rf is the risk free rate. In this formula, f stands for a separate factor and ? is a relationship measure between the security price and that factor. Cho, Eun, and Senbet (1986) have conducted an empirical investigation so as to evaluate the international performance of the arbitrage pricing policy. In their research, they mainly employed two valuation techniques such as inter-battery factor analysis and Chow test. The inter-battery factor analysis helped the authors to estimate the international common factors while they could test the validity of the APT using Chow test method. A

Business Ethics vs. Success in Modern Business Research Paper

Business Ethics vs. Success in Modern Business - Research Paper Example en corruption and success in business in this research was retrieved from the university faculty, contemporary firms and graduate students of business. The fundamental concept on which the term â€Å"business ethics† is based is that individuals should be held accountable for their practices in business. â€Å"Businesses are at the strategic center of a civil society, and they have a stake in their communities† (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2004). In conventional terms, business ethics are thought of as drivers for successful business. In the modern age, companies and business entrepreneurs evaluate the effect of ethics on their individualistic and collective performances. A lot of studies have shown that unethical practices and corruption have been incurring the companies a cost worth billions of dollars every year. Such studies have portrayed a negative image of corruption and have emphasized upon the potential ways in which the unethical business practices affect the brand image, value of shares and the overall profitability of the business (Maheshwary & Ganesh, 2006). Following the principles of ethics is very imp ortant for a company’s success (Turner, 2006). â€Å"I have always recognized that the object of business is to make money in an honorable manner† (Cooper cited in Rajeev, 2011). Unethical business practices have traditionally caused a lot of damage to the business. However, not many business entrepreneurs are aware of the toxicity of such practices because the costs are often not obvious and come as overheads. Most of the costs of the unethical business practices are hidden. Since the business entrepreneurs can not see these hidden costs, they can only see the convenience that the unethical practices bring them. Thus, many of them are reluctant to abandon such practices. However, the harm caused by such practices is inevitable and is often borne by the society as a whole. For example, when an oil company discharges oil into the sea, it is the marine